知行编程网知行编程网  2022-05-17 08:00 知行编程网 |  隐藏边栏 |   抢沙发 |  3 
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本文转载自“JAVA“

很多 SQL 查询都是以 SELECT 开始的。不过，最近我跟别人解释什么是窗口函数，我在网上搜索”是否可以对窗口函数返回的结果进行过滤“这个问题，得出的结论是”窗口函数必须在 WHERE 和 GROUP BY 之后，所以不能”。

于是我又想到了另一个问题：SQL 查询的执行顺序是怎样的？

好像这个问题应该很好回答，毕竟自己已经写了上万个 SQL 查询了，有一些还很复杂。但事实是，我仍然很难确切地说出它的顺序是怎样的。

SQL 查询的执行顺序

于是我研究了一下，发现顺序大概是这样的。SELECT 并不是最先执行的，而是在第五个。
SQL 查询总是先执行SELECT语句吗？你们都错了！

这张图回答了以下这些问题

这张图与 SQL 查询的语义有关，让你知道一个查询会返回什么，并回答了以下这些问题：
  • 可以在 GRROUP BY 之后使用 WHERE 吗？（不行，WHERE 是在 GROUP BY 之前！）
  • 可以对窗口函数返回的结果进行过滤吗？（不行，窗口函数是 SELECT 语句里，而 SELECT 是在 WHERE 和 GROUP BY 之后）
  • 可以基于 GROUP BY 里的东西进行 ORDER BY 吗？（可以，ORDER BY 基本上是在最后执行的，所以可以基于任何东西进行 ORDER BY）
  • LIMIT 是在什么时候执行？（在最后！）
但数据库引擎并不一定严格按照这个顺序执行 SQL 查询，因为为了更快地执行查询，它们会做出一些优化，这些问题会在以后的文章中解释。
所以：
  • 如果你想要知道一个查询语句是否合法，或者想要知道一个查询语句会返回什么，可以参考这张图；
  • 在涉及查询性能或者与索引有关的东西时，这张图就不适用了。

混合因素：列别名

有很多 SQL 实现允许你使用这样的语法：

从这个语句来看，好像 GROUP BY 是在 SELECT 之后执行的，因为它引用了 SELECT 中的一个别名。但实际上不一定要这样，数据库引擎可以把查询重写成这样：

这样 GROUP BY 仍然先执行。

数据库引擎还会做一系列检查，确保 SELECT 和 GROUP BY 中的东西是有效的，所以会在生成执行计划之前对查询做一次整体检查。

数据库可能不按照这个顺序执行查询（优化）

在实际当中，数据库不一定会按照 JOIN、WHERE、GROUP BY 的顺序来执行查询，因为它们会进行一系列优化，把执行顺序打乱，从而让查询执行得更快，只要不改变查询结果。

这个查询说明了为什么需要以不同的顺序执行查询：

如果只需要找出名字叫“mr darcy”的猫，那就没必要对两张表的所有数据执行左连接，在连接之前先进行过滤，这样查询会快得多，而且对于这个查询来说，先执行过滤并不会改变查询结果。

数据库引擎还会做出其他很多优化，按照不同的顺序执行查询，不过我并不是这方面的专家，所以这里就不多说了。

LINQ 的查询以 FROM 开头

LINQ（C#和 VB.NET 中的查询语法）是按照 FROM…WHERE…SELECT 的顺序来的。这里有一个 LINQ 查询例子：

pandas 中的查询也基本上是这样的，不过你不一定要按照这个顺序。我通常会像下面这样写 pandas 代码：

这样写并不是因为 pandas 规定了这些规则，而是按照 JOIN/WHERE/GROUP BY/HAVING 这样的顺序来写代码会更有意义些。不过我经常会先写 WHERE 来改进性能，而且我想大多数数据库引擎也会这么做。

译者：无明   

链接：infoq.cn/article/Oke8hgilga3PTZ3gWvbg

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data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="margin-left: 2px;caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0);width: 20px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;font-size: 15px;">点这里，进菜鸟学PythonB站大本营</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section>

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